Observational studies suggested an association between higher Mg intake and daytime falling asleep, sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration in healthy adults. Positive effect of magnesium supplementation on The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, sleep efficiency, and sleep time. Arab, A., Rafie, N., Amani, R. and Shirani, F., 2023. The role of magnesium in sleep health: a systematic review of available literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 201(1), pp.121-128. Ref.

Higher Mg intake is associated with normal hours of sleep, and low level of consumption is linked to both shorter and longer sleep. Grandner, M.A., Jackson, N., Gerstner, J.R. and Knutson, K.L. (2013) 'Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample', Appetite, 64, pp. 71-80. Ref

Biological clock and magnesium status are linked. Studies have found that people deficient in magnesium also have decreased melatonin, a hormone that maintains the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm causes changes in the body according to the day-night cycle, such as feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness. Feeney, K., Hansen, L., Putker, M. et al. (2016) 'Daily magnesium fluxes regulate cellular timekeeping and energy balance', Nature, 532, pp. 375-379. Ref

Durlach, J., Bac, P., Bara, M. and Guiet-Bara, A., 2002. Biorhythms and possible central regulation of magnesium status, phototherapy, darkness therapy and chronopathological forms of magnesium depletion. Magnesium research, 15(1-2), pp.49-66. Ref

Supplementation of magnesium appears to improve subjective measures of insomnia such as insomnia severity index (ISI) score, sleep efficiency, sleep time and sleep onset latency, early morning awakening, and likewise, insomnia objective measures such as concentration of serum renin, melatonin, and serum cortisol, in elderly people. Abbasi, B., Kimiagar, M., Sadeghniiat, K., Shirazi, M.M., Hedayati, M. and Rashidkhani, B., 2012. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(12), p.1161. Ref.

Numerous studies show that beetroots contain large amounts of valuable vitamins and minerals, as well as antioxidants, especially potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins A, C, and B6. Beetroots greatly improve blood circulation, including in our brains, and the compounds in the beetroot are extremely helpful in maintaining the health of the nervous system. By consuming beetroots regularly, the risk of various types of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s can be reduced, and keep the memory sharp. In addition to improving its blood circulation, it also contains substances that, when transformed in our body, also lower blood pressure. Székely, D., & Máté, M. (2022). Red Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.). In P. Kaushik (Ed.), *Advances in Root Vegetables Research*. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106692. Ref

Beetroot is a good source of dietary fiber, which supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements, preventing constipation, and supporting a healthy gut microbiota. Fiber-rich foods like beetroot are essential for maintaining gastrointestinal function.  Slavin, J. L. (2013). Dietary fiber and body weight. Nutrition, 29(1), 10-19. Ref

Nitric oxide produced from dietary nitrates in beetroot has been associated with improved cognitive function and blood flow to the brain. Regular consumption may help maintain cognitive health and reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline. Presley, T.D., Morgan, A.R., Bechtold, E., Clodfelter, W., Dove, R.W., Jennings, J.M., Kraft, R.A., King, S.B., Laurienti, P.J., Rejeski, W.J. and Burdette, J.H., 2011. Acute effect of a high nitrate diet on brain perfusion in older adults. Nitric Oxide, 24(1), pp.34-42. Ref

Betalains fount in beetroowork as as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents play an important role in the release of NO and decrease of blood pressure. Modulation of oxidative and inflammatory factors may also attribute to regulatory function in metabolic syndrome such as blood pressure lowering effect and more importantly in reducing hyperlipidemia. In addition to betalanin, flavonoids and fibers in red beetroots attributed to the blood glucose lowering effect. Hadipour, E., Taleghani, A., Tayarani‐Najaran, N. and Tayarani‐Najaran, Z., 2020. Biological effects of red beetroot and betalains: A review. Phytotherapy research, 34(8), pp.1847-1867. Ref

L-THE supplementation can assist in reducing acute stress and anxiety in people experiencing stressful situations. Everett, J.M., Gunathilake, D., Dufficy, L., Roach, P., Thomas, J., Upton, D. and Naumovski, N. (2016) 'Theanine consumption, stress and anxiety in human clinical trials: A systematic review', J Nutr Intermed Metab, 4, pp. 41-42. Ref

200 mg/day before sleep for 4 weeks: Stress-related symptom (i.e., depression, anxiety-trait, and sleep) scores decreased and cognitive function (i.e., verbal fluency and executive function) scores improved after four weeks of L-theanine administration. The reduction in sleep quality problems (disturbances in sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and use of sleep medication) was greater in the L-theanine administration compared to the placebo administration, while verbal fluency, especially letter fluency, was improved in the L-theanine administration among individuals who showed relatively low performance at pretreatment. Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M. and Kunugi, H. (2019) 'Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial', Nutrients, 11(10), 2362. Ref

200 mg of l-Theanine (Suntheanine, Taiyo Kagaku Inc., Japan) dissolved in 100 ml of water was used as a treatment. l-Theanine exerts anti-stress effects during an acute stress challenge. Kimura, K., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L.R. and Ohira, H. (2007) 'L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses', Biol Psychol, 74(1), pp. 39-45. Ref

May help to increase alpha brain wave activity, associated with a state of wakeful relaxation and mental alertness. Nobre, A.C., Rao, A. and Owen, G.N. (2008) 'L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state', Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 17(Suppl 1), pp. 167-168. Ref

Theanine intake suppressed initial stress response. Unno, K., Tanida, N., Ishii, N., Yamamoto, H., Iguchi, K., Hoshino, M., Takeda, A., Ozawa, H., Ohkubo, T., Juneja, L.R. and Yamada, H. (2013) 'Anti-stress effect of theanine on students during pharmacy practice: Positive correlation among salivary α-amylase activity, trait anxiety and subjective stress', Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 111, pp. 128-135. Ref

Consumption of low dose of Passiflora incarnata, yields short-term subjective sleep benefits for healthy adults with mild fluctuations in sleep quality. Ngan, A. and Conduit, R., 2011. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (Passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), pp.1153-1159. Ref

Passiflora extract is an effective drug for the management of generalised anxiety disorder. Akhondzadeh, S., Naghavi, H.R., Vazirian, M., Shayeganpour, A., Rashidi, H. and Khani, M., 2001. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double‐blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 26(5), pp.363-367. Ref

Passiflora incarnata has demonstrated anxiolytic effects, aiding in the reduction of anxiety symptoms. It interacts with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, promoting relaxation and calmness. Appel, K., Rose, T., Fiebich, B., Kammler, T., Hoffmann, C. and Weiss, G., 2011. Modulation of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Phytotherapy Research, 25(6), pp.838-843. Ref

Research suggests that Passiflora incarnata can enhance sleep quality by regulating neurotransmitters involved in sleep-wake cycles, leading to deeper and more restful sleep. Miyasaka, L.S., Atallah, Á.N. and Soares, B., 2007. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1). Ref

Passiflora incarnata exhibits mild sedative properties, which can help in inducing relaxation and easing nervous tension without causing significant sedation or impairment. Aslanargun, P., Cuvas, O., Dikmen, B., Aslan, E. and Yuksel, M.U., 2012. Passiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. Journal of anesthesia, 26, pp.39-44. Ref

Carolyn Ann Sarbacher and Jaroslava T. Halper, Connective Tissue and Age-Related Diseases, Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science, 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_11, (281-310), (2019). Ref

Carlos A. López‐Morales, Said Vázquez‐Leyva, Luis Vallejo‐Castillo, Gregorio Carballo‐Uicab, Leslie Muñoz‐García, José Enrique Herbert‐Pucheta, L. Gerardo Zepeda‐Vallejo, Marco Velasco‐Velázquez, Lenin Pavón, Sonia M. Pérez‐Tapia and Emilio Medina‐Rivero, Determination of Peptide Profile Consistency and Safety of Collagen Hydrolysates as Quality Attributes, Journal of Food Science, 84, 3, (430-439), (2019). Wiley Online Library

Rachael Zoe Murray, Zoe Elizabeth West, Allison June Cowin and Brooke Louise Farrugia, Development and use of biomaterials as wound healing therapies, Burns & Trauma, 10.1186/s41038-018-0139-7, 7, 1, (2019). Ref

Bor-Shuang Liaw, Fangyu Xing, Dan Wang, Fei Gao, Jingsong Lu, Jing Yu, Xiaodan Sun, Xiumei Wang, Qingling Feng, Guifeng Zhang and Lingyun Zhao, Effect of in vitro Collagen Fibrillogenesis on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Deposition for Cellular Behavior Regulation, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.053, (2019). Ref

Suman Sinha-Ray, Bio-Waste Based Nanofiber Materials, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11548-6, (2019). Ref

John.A.M. Ramshaw, Jerome A. Werkmeister and Veronica Glattauer, Recent progress with recombinant collagens produced in Escherichia coli, Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering, 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.06.001, (2019). Ref

 Yingyue Chen, Huoxi Jin, Fei Yang, Shujie Jin, Chenjuan Liu, Liukai Zhang, Ju Huang, Shiguang Wang, Zhongyong Yan, Xuwei Cai, Rui Zhao, Fangmiao Yu, Zuisu Yang, Guofang Ding and Yunping Tang, Physicochemical, antioxidant properties of giant croaker (Nibea japonica) swim bladders collagen and wound healing evaluation, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.111, (2019). Ref

Caterina Tricase, Vera Amicarelli, Emilia Lamonaca and Roberto Leonardo Rana, Economic Analysis of the Barley Market and Related Uses, Grasses as Food and Feed, 10.5772/intechopen.78967, (2018). Ref

Hau Van Duong, Trang The Lieu Chau, Nhan Thi Thanh Dang, Duc Van Nguyen, Son Lam Le, Thang Sy Ho, Tuyen Phi Vu, Thi Thi Van Tran and Thanh-Dinh Nguyen, Self-aggregation of water-dispersible nanocollagen helices, Biomaterials Science, 6, 3, (651), (2018). Cef

Hermann Ehrlich, Marcin Wysokowski, Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska, Iaroslav Petrenko and Teofil Jesionowski, Collagens of Poriferan Origin, Marine Drugs, 16, 3, (79), (2018). Ref

Takeshi ISHINO, Mayuko HASHIMOTO, Misato AMAGASA, Natsuko SAITO, Osamu DOCHI, Rikio KIRISAWA and Hiroshi KITAMURA, Establishment of protocol for preparation of gene-edited bovine ear-derived fibroblasts for somatic cell nuclear transplantation , Biomedical Research, 10.2220/biomedres.39.95, 39, 2, (95-104), (2018). Ref

Sakthivel Nagarajan, Socrates Radhakrishnan, S. Narayana Kalkura, Sebastien Balme, Philippe Miele and Mikhael Bechelany, Overview of Protein‐Based Biopolymers for Biomedical Application, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 1900126, (2019). Wiley Online Library

David Vollmer, Virginia West and Edwin Lephart, Enhancing Skin Health: By Oral Administration of Natural Compounds and Minerals with Implications to the Dermal Microbiome, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms19103059, 19, 10, (3059), (2018). Ref

Changwoo Nam, Jongsun Yoon, Sang A Ryu, Chang-Hyung Choi and Hyomin Lee, Water and Oil Insoluble PEGDA-Based Microcapsule: Biocompatible and Multicomponent Encapsulation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10.1021/acsami.8b16876, (2018). Ref

Xinhui Lin, Yinyue Chen, Huoxi Jin, Qiaoling Zhao, Chenjuan Liu, Renwei Li, Fangmiao Yu, Yan Chen, Fangfang Huang, Zuisu Yang, Guofang Ding and Yunping Tang, Collagen Extracted from Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) Skin by Isoelectric Precipitation: Physicochemical Properties, Proliferation, and Migration Activities, Marine Drugs, 10.3390/md17050261, 17, 5, (261), (2019). Ref

Hyunwoo Moon, Seunghwan Choy, Yeonju Park, Young Mee Jung, Jun Mo Koo and Dong Soo Hwang, Different Molecular Interaction between Collagen and α- or β-Chitin in Mechanically Improved Electrospun Composite, Marine Drugs, 10.3390/md17060318, 17, 6, (318), (2019). Ref

Kenji Sugibayashi, Eddy Yusuf, Hiroaki Todo, Sabrina Dahlizar, Pajaree Sakdiset, Florencio Jr Arce and Gerard Lee See, Halal Cosmetics: A Review on Ingredients, Production, and Testing Methods, Cosmetics, 10.3390/cosmetics6030037, 6, 3, (37), (2019). Ref

Haseeb Ahsan, Immunopharmacology and immunopathology of peptides and proteins in personal products, Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 10.1080/15321819.2019.1629590, (1-9), (2019). Ref

Sajee Thaweekitphathanaphakdee, Pithi Chanvorachote, Sagaw Prateepchinda, Mattaka Khongkow and Apirada Sucontphunt, Abalone Collagen Extracts Potentiate Stem Cell Properties of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, Marine Drugs, 10.3390/md17070424, 17, 7, (424), (2019). Ref

Zague, V 2008 “ A new view concerning the effects of collagen hydrolysate intake on skin properties”, Archives of Dermatological Research,Springer Link, Ref

Pyun, HB, Kim, M, Park, J, Sakai, Y, Numata, N, Shin, J, Shin, H, Kim, D, Hwang, J 2012 “Effects of Collagen Tripeptide Supplement on Photoaging and Epidermal Skin Barrier in UVB-exposed Hairless Mice”, Preventive Nutrition and Food Science,National Institutes of Health, Ref

Choi,S, Lee, Y, Kim, B, Shin, H, Seo, D, Lee, S, Kim, B 2014 “Effects of collagen tripeptide supplement on skin properties: A prospective, randomized, controlled study”, Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy,Taylor and Francis Online, Ref

Zague, V, Freitas, V, Rose, M, Castro, G, Jaeger, R, Machado-Santelli, G 2011 “ Collagen Hydrolysate Intake Increases Skin Collagen Expression and Suppresses Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity”, Journal of Medicinal Food,Mary Ann Liebert Publishers, Ref

Tanaka, M, Koyama, Y, Nomura, Y 2009 “ Effects of Collagen Peptide Ingestion on UV-B-Induced Skin Damage”, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry,Taylor and Francis Online, Ref

Borumand, M, Sibilla, S 2015 “Effects of a nutritional supplement containing collagen peptides on skin elasticity, hydration and wrinkles”, Journal of Medical Nutrition & Nutraceuticals, Ref

Sibilla, S, Godfrey, M, Brewer, S, Budh-Raja, A, Genovese, L 2015 “An Overview of the Beneficial Effects of Hydrolysed Collagen as a Nutraceutical on Skin Properties: Scientific Background and Clinical Studies”, The Open Nutraceuticals Journal,Benthan Open, Ref

Gómez-Guillén, M, Giménez, B, López-Caballero, M, Montero, M 2011 “Functional and bioactive properties of collagen and gelatin from alternative sources: A review”, Food Hydrocolloids,Science Direct, Ref

Li, G, Fukunaga, S, Takdenouchi, K, Nakamura, F 2005 “Comparative study of the physiological properties of collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate as cosmetic materials”, International Journal of Cosmetic Science,Wiley Online Library, Ref

Dybka, K, Walczak, P 2009 “Collagan hydrolysates as a new diet supplement”, Cyrena, Ref

Ohara, H, Ichikawa, S, Matsumoto, H, Akiyama, M, Fujimoto, N, Kobayashi, T, Tajima, S 2010 “Collagen-dervied dipeptide, proline-hydroxyproline, stimulates cell proliferation and hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblasts”, Journal of Dermatology,Wiley Online Library, Crossref

Song, H, Li, B 2017 “Beneficial Effects of Collagen Hydrolysate: A Review on Recent Developments”, Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health,Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, Ref

Liu, D Nikoo, M, Boran, G, Zhou, P, Regenstein, J 2016 “Collagen and Gelatin”, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology,Annual Reviews, Crossref

Wang, L, Wang, Q, Qian, J, Liang, Q, Wang, Z, Xu, J, He, S, Ma, A 2015 “Bioavailability and Bioavailable Forms of Collagen after Oral Administration to Rats”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,ACS Publications, Ref

Koyama, Y 2016 “Effects of Collagen Ingestion and their Biological Significance”, Research Institute of Biomatrix,Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Ref

Kantor, I et al. 2002. Results of a Study Evaluating the Use of a Dietary Supplement Formula in the Management of Age-Related Skin Changes in Women with Moderate to Severe Wrinkling of the Periorbital Area. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association. Vol 5, No.2.

SOUKEN study 2008, Tokyo Japan: two month study hydrolyzed collagen.

DERMSCAN study, 2008, Lyon France. Cutaneous properties of hydrolyzed collagen.

Tanaka et al. Effects of collagen peptide ingestion on UV-B-induced skin damage. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73:930-932 (2009).

Matsuda, N.; Koyama, Y., Hosaka, Y., Ueda, H., Watanabe, T., Araya, T., Irie, S. and Takehana K. (2006). “Effects of ingestion of collagen peptide on collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans in the dermis”. Journal of nutrition vitaminology 52: 211-215.

Sumada E, Hirota A et al.: The effect of oral ingest of collagen peptide on skin hydration and biochemical data on blood. J. Nutri Food 7, (2004) 1-8

Morganti P, Randazzo S, Bruno C: Oral treatment of skin dryness. Cosmet Toilet. 103 (1988) 77-80

Koyama. Effects of collagen peptide ingestion on the skin. Shokuhin-To-Kaihatsu 44:10-12 (2009) (in Japanese).

Rousselot Publication, 2009. Hydrolyzed Collagen and Skin Health 2009 clinical studies results.

Eskelinin, A. and Santalahti, J. (1992) Special Natural cartilage polysaccharides for the treatment of sun-damaged skin in females. J Int Med Res; 20(2): 99 – 105

Proksch et al. (2014) Oral Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Has beneficial Effects on Human Skin Physiology: A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:47:47 – 55

Zague et al. (2011) Collagen hydrolysate intake increases skin collagen expression and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity. Journal of Medicinal Food 14 (6) 2011, 618–624

Matsumoto, H. et al. (2006) Clinical effect of fish type I collagen hydrolysate on skin properties. ITE Lett. 7. 386 – 390

Ohara H et al. (2010) Collagen-derived dipeptide, proline-hydroxyproline, stimulates cell proliferation and hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. The Journal of Dermatology Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 330–338.

Clark KL et al. (2008) 24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Current Medical Research and Opinion Vol. 24, No. 5, 2008, 1485–1496

Benito-Ruiz P et al. (2009) Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of a food ingredient, collagen hydrolysate, for improving joint comfort. Int J Food Sci Nutr; 60 Suppl 2:99-113.

Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Baumstark, M. W., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2015). Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(08), 1237-1245.

Hays, N. P., Kim, H., Wells, A. M., Kajkenova, O., & Evans, W. J. (2009). [Effects of whey and fortified collagen hydrolysate protein supplements on nitrogen balance and body composition in older women (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465192). Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(6), 1082-1087.

The Collagen Family, Ref 

Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix, Ref

Collagen alterations in chronically sun-damaged human skin. Ref

Advanced glycation end-products: Mechanics of aged collagen from molecule to tissue. Ref

Smoking affects collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix turnover in human skin. Ref

Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications Ref

Decreased Collagen Production in Chronologically Aged Skin. Ref

What is collagen? Ref

Collagen accounts for around 25% of total protein content in the body. Because of this, regularly consuming bioactive collagen peptides has been shown to be beneficial for our health. Collagen improves muscle strength and promotes healthy fat loss (PMID: 31010031).

Collagen increases bone mineral density in those with osteoporosis and osteopenia (PMID: 34520654).

Collagen reduces joint pain (PMID: 33562729).

Collagen grows and smooths nails (PMID: 28786550).

Collagen improves facial skin moisture, elasticity and wrinkles (PMID: 26840887)

Verisol® Review of Literature:

Oral Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Has Beneficial Effects on Human Skin Physiology: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. The study suggests that oral intake of specific collagen hydrolysate can significantly improve skin elasticity and potentially provide moisturizing effects, particularly in older women. Ref.

Oral Intake of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides Reduces Skin Wrinkles and Increases Dermal Matrix Synthesis. Overall, the study suggests that the oral consumption of VERISOL® collagen peptides can be effective in reducing skin wrinkles and stimulating the synthesis of key components of the dermal matrix, supporting its potential use in addressing skin ageing. Ref

Oral supplementation with specific bioactive collagen peptides improves nail growth and reduces symptoms of brittle nails. Overall, the study suggests that specific bioactive collagen peptides may be effective in improving nail growth rate, strengthening nails, and alleviating symptoms of brittle nails. Ref

Dietary Supplementation with Specific Collagen Peptides Has a Body Mass Index-Dependent Beneficial Effect on Cellulite Morphology. Overall, the study highlights the potential of bioactive collagen peptides in improving cellulite appearance and skin health particularly in women of normal body weight, by positively influencing dermal connective tissue synthesis. Ref

Oesser, S. (2020). The oral intake of specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides has a positive effect on hair thickness. Overall, the study suggests that supplementation with specific BCP can lead to increased hair thickness and improved hair metabolism in women, highlighting the potential benefits of BCP for hair health.